1.2.0

Link Analysis

Site link structures can be very useful, allowing you to learn such things as:

  • what websites were the most linked to;
  • what websites had the most outbound links;
  • what paths could be taken through the network to connect pages;
  • what communities existed within the link structure?

Most of the following examples show the domain to domain links. For example, you discover how many times that liberal.ca linked to twitter.com, rather than learning that http://liberal.ca/contact linked to http://twitter.com/liberal_party. The reason we do that is that in general, if you are working with any data at scale, the sheer number of raw URLs can become overwhelming. That said, we do provide one example below that provides raw data.

Extract Simple Site Link Structure

Scala RDD

If your web archive does not have a temporal component, the following Spark script will generate the site-level link structure.

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.matchbox._

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .keepValidPages()
  .flatMap(r => ExtractLinks(r.getUrl, r.getContentString))
  .map(r => (ExtractDomain(r._1).removePrefixWWW(), ExtractDomain(r._2).removePrefixWWW()))
  .filter(r => r._1 != "" && r._2 != "")
  .countItems()
  .filter(r => r._2 > 5)
  .saveAsTextFile("links-all-rdd/")

Note how you can add filters. In this case, we add a filter which will result in a network graph of pages containing the phrase "apple." Filters can be applied immediately after .keepValidPages().

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.matchbox._

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .keepValidPages()
  .keepContent(Set("apple".r))
  .flatMap(r => ExtractLinks(r.getUrl, r.getContentString))
  .map(r => (ExtractDomain(r._1).removePrefixWWW(), ExtractDomain(r._2).removePrefixWWW()))
  .filter(r => r._1 != "" && r._2 != "")
  .countItems()
  .filter(r => r._2 > 5)
  .saveAsTextFile("links-all-apple-rdd/")

Scala DF

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.udfs._

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .webgraph()
  .groupBy(removePrefixWWW(extractDomain($"src")).as("src"), removePrefixWWW(extractDomain($"dest")).as("dest"))
  .count()
  .filter($"count" > 5)
  .write
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ")
  .format("csv")
  .option("escape", "\"")
  .option("encoding", "utf-8")
  .save("links-all-df/")

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.udfs._

val content = Array("radio")

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .all()
  .keepValidPagesDF()
  .filter(hasContent($"raw_content", lit(content)))
  .select(explode(extractLinks($"url", $"raw_content")).as("links"))
  .select(removePrefixWWW(extractDomain(col("links._1"))).as("src"), removePrefixWWW(extractDomain(col("links._2"))).as("dest"))
  .groupBy("src", "dest")
  .count()
  .filter($"count" > 5)
  .write
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ")
  .format("csv")
  .option("escape", "\"")
  .option("encoding", "utf-8")
  .save("links-all-apple-df/")

Python DF

from aut import *
from pyspark.sql.functions import col, explode

content = "%radio%"

WebArchive(sc, sqlContext, "/path/to/warcs") \
  .all() \
  .filter("crawl_date is not NULL")\
  .filter(~(col("url").rlike(".*robots\\.txt$")) & (col("mime_type_web_server").rlike("text/html") | col("mime_type_web_server").rlike("application/xhtml+xml") | col("url").rlike("(?i).*htm$") | col("url").rlike("(?i).*html$")))\
  .filter(col("http_status_code") == 200)
  .filter(col("raw_content").like(content)) \
  .select(explode(extract_links("url", "raw_content")).alias("links")) \
  .select(remove_prefix_www(extract_domain(col("links._1"))).alias("src"), remove_prefix_www(extract_domain(col("links._2"))).alias("dest")) \
  .groupBy("src", "dest") \
  .count() \
  .filter(col("count") > 5) \
  .write \
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ") \
  .format("csv") \
  .option("escape", "\"") \
  .option("encoding", "utf-8") \
  .save("links-all-apple-df/")

Extract Raw URL Link Structure

Scala RDD

This following script extracts all of the hyperlink relationships between sites, using the full URL pattern.

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.matchbox._

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .keepValidPages()
  .flatMap(r => ExtractLinks(r.getUrl, r.getContentString))
  .filter(r => r._1 != "" && r._2 != "")
  .countItems()
  .saveAsTextFile("full-links-all-rdd/")

You can see that the above was achieved by removing the following line:

  .map(r => (ExtractDomain(r._1).removePrefixWWW(), ExtractDomain(r._2).removePrefixWWW()))

In a larger collection, you might want to add the following line:

.filter(r => r._2 > 5)

before .countItems() to find just the documents that are linked to more than five times. As you can imagine, raw URLs are very numerous!

Scala DF

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.udfs._

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .webgraph()
  .groupBy(extractDomain($"src"), extractDomain($"dest"))
  .count()
  .filter($"count" > 5)
  .write
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ")
  .format("csv")
  .option("escape", "\"")
  .option("encoding", "utf-8")
  .save("full-links-all-df/")

Python DF

from aut import *
from pyspark.sql.functions import col

WebArchive(sc, sqlContext, "/path/to/warcs") \
  .webgraph() \
  .groupBy(extract_domain("src"), extract_domain("dest")) \
  .count() \
  .filter(col("count") > 5) \
  .write \
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ") \
  .format("csv") \
  .option("escape", "\"") \
  .option("encoding", "utf-8") \
  .save("full-links-all-df/")

Organize Links by URL Pattern

Scala RDD

In this following example, we run the same script but only extract links coming from URLs matching the pattern http://www.archive.org/details/*. We do so by using the keepUrlPatterns command.

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.matchbox._

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .keepValidPages()
  .keepUrlPatterns(Set("(?i)http://www.archive.org/details/.*".r))
  .flatMap(r => ExtractLinks(r.getUrl, r.getContentString))
  .map(r => (ExtractDomain(r._1).removePrefixWWW(), ExtractDomain(r._2).removePrefixWWW()))
  .filter(r => r._1 != "" && r._2 != "")
  .countItems()
  .filter(r => r._2 > 5)
  .saveAsTextFile("details-links-all-rdd/")

Scala DF

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.udfs._

val urlPattern = Array("(?i)http://www.archive.org/details/.*")

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .all()
  .keepValidPagesDF()
  .filter(hasUrlPatterns($"url", lit(urlPattern)))
  .select(explode(extractLinks($"url", $"raw_content")).as("links"))
  .select(removePrefixWWW(extractDomain(col("links._1"))).as("src"), removePrefixWWW(extractDomain(col("links._2"))).as("dest"))
  .groupBy("src", "dest")
  .count()
  .filter($"count" > 5)
  .write
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ")
  .format("csv")
  .option("escape", "\"")
  .option("encoding", "utf-8")
  .save("details-links-all-df/")

Python DF

from aut import *
from pyspark.sql.functions import col, explode

url_pattern = "%http://www.archive.org/details/%"

WebArchive(sc, sqlContext, "/path/to/warcs") \
  .all() \
  .filter("crawl_date is not NULL")\
  .filter(~(col("url").rlike(".*robots\\.txt$")) & (col("mime_type_web_server").rlike("text/html") | col("mime_type_web_server").rlike("application/xhtml+xml") | col("url").rlike("(?i).*htm$") | col("url").rlike("(?i).*html$")))\
  .filter(col("http_status_code") == 200)
  .filter(col("url").like(url_pattern)) \
  .select(explode(extract_links("url", "raw_content").alias("links"))) \
  .select(remove_prefix_www(extract_domain(col("links._1"))).alias("src"), remove_prefix_www(extract_domain("links._2")).alias("dest")) \
  .groupBy("src", "dest") \
  .count() \
  .filter(col("count") > 5) \
  .write \
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ") \
  .format("csv") \
  .option("escape", "\"") \
  .option("encoding", "utf-8") \
  .save("details-links-all-df/")

Organize Links by Crawl Date

Scala RDD

The following Spark script generates the aggregated site-level link structure, grouped by crawl date (YYYYMMDD). It makes use of the ExtractLinks and ExtractToLevelDomain functions.

If you prefer to group by crawl month (YYYMM), replace getCrawlDate with getCrawlMonth below. If you prefer to group by simply crawl year (YYYY), replace getCrawlDate with getCrawlYear below.

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.matchbox._

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc).keepValidPages()
  .map(r => (r.getCrawlDate, ExtractLinks(r.getUrl, r.getContentString)))
  .flatMap(r => r._2.map(f => (r._1, ExtractDomain(f._1).replaceAll("^\\s*www\\.", ""), ExtractDomain(f._2).replaceAll("^\\s*www\\.", ""))))
  .filter(r => r._2 != "" && r._3 != "")
  .countItems()
  .filter(r => r._2 > 5)
  .saveAsTextFile("sitelinks-by-date-rdd/")

The format of this output is:

  • Field one: Crawldate, yyyyMMdd
  • Field two: Source domain (i.e. liberal.ca)
  • Field three: Target domain of link (i.e. ndp.ca)
  • Field four: number of links.
((20080612,liberal.ca,liberal.ca),1832983)
((20060326,ndp.ca,ndp.ca),1801775)
((20060426,ndp.ca,ndp.ca),1771993)
((20060325,policyalternatives.ca,policyalternatives.ca),1735154)

In the above example, you are seeing links within the same domain.

Note also that ExtractLinksRDD takes an optional third parameter of a base URL. If you set this – typically to the source URL – ExtractLinksRDD will resolve a relative path to its absolute location. For example, if val url = "http://mysite.com/some/dirs/here/index.html" and val html = "... <a href='../contact/'>Contact</a> ...", and we call ExtractLinks(url, html, url), the list it returns will include the item (http://mysite.com/a/b/c/index.html, http://mysite.com/a/b/contact/, Contact). It may be useful to have this absolute URL if you intend to call ExtractDomainRDD on the link and wish it to be counted.

Scala DF

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.udfs._

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .webgraph()
  .groupBy($"crawl_date", removePrefixWWW(extractDomain($"src")), removePrefixWWW(extractDomain($"dest")))
  .count()
  .filter($"count" > 5)
  .write
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ")
  .format("csv")
  .option("escape", "\"")
  .option("encoding", "utf-8")
  .save("sitelinks-by-date-df/")

Python DF

from aut import *
from pyspark.sql.functions import col

WebArchive(sc, sqlContext, "/path/to/warcs") \
  .webgraph() \
  .groupBy("crawl_date", remove_prefix_www(extract_domain("src")).alias("src"), remove_prefix_www(extract_domain("dest")).alias("dest")) \
  .count() \
  .filter(col("count") > 5) \
  .write \
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ") \
  .format("csv") \
  .option("escape", "\"") \
  .option("encoding", "utf-8") \
  .save("sitelinks-by-date-df/")

Filter by URL

Scala RDD

In this case, you would only receive links coming from websites in matching the URL pattern listed under keepUrlPatterns.

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.matchbox._

val links = RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .keepValidPages()
  .keepUrlPatterns(Set("http://www.archive.org/details/.*".r))
  .map(r => (r.getCrawlDate, ExtractLinks(r.getUrl, r.getContentString)))
  .flatMap(r => r._2.map(f => (r._1, ExtractDomain(f._1).replaceAll("^\\s*www\\.", ""), ExtractDomain(f._2).replaceAll("^\\s*www\\.", ""))))
  .filter(r => r._2 != "" && r._3 != "")
  .countItems()
  .filter(r => r._2 > 5)
  .saveAsTextFile("sitelinks-details-rdd/")

Scala DF

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.udfs._

val urlPattern = Array("http://www.archive.org/details/.*")

RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
  .all()
  .keepValidPagesDF()
  .filter(hasUrlPatterns($"url", lit(urlPattern)))
  .select(explode(extractLinks($"url", $"raw_content")).as("links"))
  .select(removePrefixWWW(extractDomain(col("links._1"))).as("src"), removePrefixWWW(extractDomain(col("links._2"))).as("dest"))
  .groupBy("src", "dest")
  .count()
  .filter($"count" > 5)
  .write
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ")
  .format("csv")
  .option("escape", "\"")
  .option("encoding", "utf-8")
  .save("sitelinks-details-df/")

Python DF

from aut import *
from pyspark.sql.functions import col, explode

url_pattern = "http://www.archive.org/details/.*"

WebArchive(sc, sqlContext, "/path/to/warcs") \
  .all() \
  .filter("crawl_date is not NULL")\
  .filter(~(col("url").rlike(".*robots\\.txt$")) & (col("mime_type_web_server").rlike("text/html") | col("mime_type_web_server").rlike("application/xhtml+xml") | col("url").rlike("(?i).*htm$") | col("url").rlike("(?i).*html$")))\
  .filter(col("http_status_code") == 200)
  .filter(col("url").rlike(url_pattern)) \
  .select(explode(extract_links("url", "raw_content")).alias("links")) \
  .select(remove_prefix_www(extract_domain(col("links._1"))).alias("src"), remove_prefix_www(extract_domain(col("links._2"))).alias("dest")) \
  .groupBy("src", "dest") \
  .count() \
  .filter(col("count") > 5) \
  .write \
  .option("timestampFormat", "yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss ZZ") \
  .format("csv") \
  .option("escape", "\"") \
  .option("encoding", "utf-8") \
  .save("sitelinks-details-df/")

Export to Gephi

You may want to export your data directly to the Gephi software suite, an open-source network analysis project. The following code writes to the GEXF format:

Scala RDD

Will not be implemented.

Scala DF

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.udfs._
import io.archivesunleashed.app._

val graph = RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs",sc)
              .webgraph.groupBy(
                          $"crawl_date",
                          removePrefixWWW(extractDomain($"src")).as("src_domain"),
                          removePrefixWWW(extractDomain($"dest")).as("dest_domain"))
              .count()
              .filter(!($"dest_domain"===""))
              .filter(!($"src_domain"===""))
              .filter($"count" > 5)
              .orderBy(desc("count"))
              .collect()

WriteGEXF(graph, "links-for-gephi.gexf")

We also support exporting to the GraphML format. To do so, use the WriteGraphml method:

WriteGraphML(graph, "links-for-gephi.graphml")

Python DF

from aut import *
from pyspark.sql.functions import col, desc

graph = WebArchive(sc, sqlContext, "/path/to/data") \
          .webgraph() \
          .groupBy("crawl_date", remove_prefix_www(extract_domain("src")).alias("src_domain"), remove_prefix_www(extract_domain("dest")).alias("dest_domain")) \
          .count() \
          .filter((col("dest_domain").isNotNull()) & (col("dest_domain") !="")) \
          .filter((col("src_domain").isNotNull()) & (col("src_domain") !="")) \
          .filter(col("count") > 5) \
          .orderBy(desc("count")) \
          .collect()

WriteGEXF(graph, "links-for-gephi.gexf")

We also support exporting to the GraphML format. To do so, use the WriteGraphml method:

WriteGraphML(graph, "links-for-gephi.graphml")

Finding Hyperlinks within Collection on Pages with Certain Keyword

The following script will extract a DataFrame with the following columns, domain, url, crawl date, origin page, and destination page, given a search term Keystone of the content (full-text). The example uses the sample data in aut-resources.

Scala RDD

Will not be implemented.

Scala DF

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.udfs._

val result = udf((vs: Seq[Any]) => vs(0)
               .toString
               .split(",")(1))

val df = RecordLoader.loadArchives("/path/to/warcs", sc)
          .all()
          .keepValidPagesDF()
          .select($"domain",
                  $"url",
                  $"crawl_date",
                  explode_outer(extractLinks($"url", $"raw_content"))
                    .as("link"))
          .filter($"raw_content".contains("keystone"))

df.select($"url", $"domain", $"crawl_date", result(array($"link"))
    .as("destination_page"))
  .show()

// Exiting paste mode, now interpreting.

+--------------------+---------------+----------+--------------------+
|                 url|         domain|crawl_date|    destination_page|
+--------------------+---------------+----------+--------------------+
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
|http://www.davids...|davidsuzuki.org|  20091219|http://www.davids...|
+--------------------+---------------+----------+--------------------+
only showing top 20 rows

import io.archivesunleashed._
import io.archivesunleashed.udfs._
result: org.apache.spark.sql.expressions.UserDefinedFunction = UserDefinedFunction(<function1>,StringType,None)
df: org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset[org.apache.spark.sql.Row] = [Domain: string, url: string ... 2 more fields]

Python DF

from aut import *
from pyspark.sql.functions import col, explode_outer

webpages = WebArchive(sc, sqlContext, "/path/to/warcs") \
  .all() \
  .filter("crawl_date is not NULL")\
  .filter(~(col("url").rlike(".*robots\\.txt$")) & (col("mime_type_web_server").rlike("text/html") | col("mime_type_web_server").rlike("application/xhtml+xml") | col("url").rlike("(?i).*htm$") | col("url").rlike("(?i).*html$")))\
  .filter(col("http_status_code") == 200)
  .select("domain", "url", "crawl_date", explode_outer(extract_links("url", "raw_content")).alias("link")) \
  .filter(col("raw_content").like("%food%")) \
  .select("url", "domain", "crawl_date", col("link._1").alias("destination_page")) \
  .show()
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